Chapter 1 FIT — computer Notes — Polytechnic FIT unit -1
📘 FIT | Computer Basics • CPU • ALU • RAM • ROM • Memory • Booting • Generations
🧑🏫 Teacher's Note: Complete notes for Chapter 1 with mark-wise answers (1,2,4,8 marks) and 52 MCQs. Vishal writer.com
🔹 A. One Word Answer (1 Mark each)
1. Write full form of CPU. 1 Mark
Answer: Central Processing Unit
2. Who is called father of computers? 1 Mark
Answer: Charles Babbage
3. ALU stands for __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Arithmetic Logic Unit
4. Two parts of primary memory are __________ and __________. 1 Mark
Answer: RAM and ROM
5. Two examples of secondary memory are __________ and __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Hard Disk and Pen Drive
6. ENIAC stands for __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
7. Full form of POST is __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Power On Self Test
8. Fifth Generation computers are based on __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
9. One Byte = __________ Nibbles. 1 Mark
Answer: 2
10. ROM stands for __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Read Only Memory
11. Write full form of RAM. 1 Mark
Answer: Random Access Memory
12. Name the volatile memory. 1 Mark
Answer: RAM
13. PC stands for __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Personal Computer
14. Internal storage of CPU are called __________. 1 Mark
Answer: Registers
🔹 B. Very Short Answer (2 Marks each)
1. Define computer. 2 Marks
👉 A computer is an electronic device that takes input, processes it, stores data, and produces output.
2. Define CPU. 2 Marks
👉 CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer that controls all operations and processes data.
3. What is ALU? 2 Marks
👉 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs arithmetic (+, -, ×, ÷) and logical (>, <, =) operations.
4. Define Primary Memory. 2 Marks
👉 Primary memory is the main memory (RAM/ROM) directly accessible by CPU.
5. What is POST? 2 Marks
👉 POST (Power On Self Test) checks hardware components at startup.
6. What is computer generation? 2 Marks
👉 Stages of technological evolution of computers (Vacuum tubes → Transistors → IC → Microprocessor → AI).
7. Define Cache memory. 2 Marks
👉 High-speed memory between CPU and RAM for frequently used data.
8. What is ROM? 2 Marks
👉 Non-volatile memory storing permanent instructions like BIOS.
9. Importance of RAM? 2 Marks
👉 Holds currently running programs; more RAM = faster multitasking.
10. Two input devices. 2 Marks
👉 Keyboard, Mouse
11. Two output devices. 2 Marks
👉 Monitor, Printer
12. Two secondary storage devices. 2 Marks
👉 Hard Disk, Pen Drive
13. Define Register. 2 Marks
👉 Small, high-speed storage inside CPU.
14. Parts of CPU. 2 Marks
👉 ALU, Control Unit, Registers
🔹 C. Short Answer (4 Marks each)
1. Draw block diagram of computer. 4 Marks
👉 Block Diagram: Input Unit → CPU (ALU + CU) → Output Unit, with Memory Unit connected to CPU.
┌─────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ ┌──────────┐
│ INPUT │────▶│ CPU (ALU+CU) │────▶│ OUTPUT │
└─────────┘ └────────┬────────┘ └──────────┘
│
┌─────▼─────┐
│ MEMORY │
└───────────┘
Flow: Input → CPU processes → Output. Memory stores data/instructions.2. Write notes on History of computer. 4 Marks
- Abacus (3000 BC): First calculating device
- Charles Babbage: Father of Computer, designed Analytical Engine
- ENIAC (1946): First electronic computer
- Generations: Vacuum tubes → Transistors → IC → Microprocessor → AI
3. Briefly discuss Primary memory. 4 Marks
- RAM (Volatile): Temporary, holds running programs
- ROM (Non-Volatile): Permanent, stores BIOS
- Cache Memory: High-speed between CPU and RAM
4. Explain Registers and their types. 4 Marks
- Accumulator: Stores arithmetic results
- Program Counter (PC): Holds next instruction address
- Instruction Register (IR): Holds current instruction
- MAR & MDR: Memory address and data registers
5. Write short notes on RAM and ROM. 4 Marks
RAM: Volatile, read/write, temporary. ROM: Non-volatile, read-only, permanent (BIOS).
6. Explain Cache Memory and its working. 4 Marks
👉 Cache is high-speed memory between CPU and RAM. Stores frequently used data. Cache hit = fast access; Cache miss = fetch from RAM.
7. Write steps of Booting process. 4 Marks
👉 Power ON → POST → BIOS → Bootloader → OS loads → Ready
8. Differentiate between Warm Boot and Cold Boot. 4 Marks
- Cold Boot: From power off, full POST, slower
- Warm Boot: Restart without power off (Ctrl+Alt+Del), faster
9. Write notes on Software. 4 Marks
👉 Software: Set of instructions. Types: System Software (OS) and Application Software (MS Word).
10. Define Hardware with examples. 4 Marks
👉 Physical parts: CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, RAM, Hard Disk.
11. Write any four units of computer memory. 4 Marks
👉 Bit, Byte, Kilobyte (KB), Megabyte (MB), Gigabyte (GB), Terabyte (TB)
12. List functions of computer memory. 4 Marks
👉 Store data/instructions, hold running programs, provide fast access via cache
13. Define CPU speed and Word Length. 4 Marks
👉 CPU speed: GHz (cycles per second). Word Length: Bits processed at once (32/64-bit).
14. Name any four software. 4 Marks
👉 Windows, MS Word, Google Chrome, Linux
🔹 D. Long Answer (8 Marks each)
1. Draw and explain Block Diagram of computer. 8 Marks
📌 Definition: A block diagram shows the major components of a computer system and how they interact.
📋 Components:
- Input Unit: Takes data (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner)
- CPU: Processes data (ALU + CU + Registers)
- ALU: Performs calculations and logical operations
- Control Unit: Controls all operations, fetches/decodes instructions
- Memory Unit: Stores data (RAM, ROM, Cache)
- Output Unit: Displays results (Monitor, Printer)
┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐
│ INPUT UNIT │─────▶│ CPU │─────▶│ OUTPUT UNIT │
│ (Takes data)│ │ ┌───────┐ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ (Displays │
└─────────────┘ │ │ ALU │ │ CONTROL UNIT │ │ │ results) │
│ │(Calc) │ │ (Controls) │ │ └─────────────┘
│ └───────┘ └─────────────┘ │ │
│ └───────┬─────────┘ │
└──────────────────────┼───────────────────────┘
│
┌─────▼─────┐
│ MEMORY │
│(Stores data)
└───────────┘
✅ Working Flow: Input → CPU processes → Output. Memory stores data/instructions.
2. Briefly discuss Generations of computer. 8 Marks
📌 Definition: Computer generations refer to technological evolution stages based on hardware components.
| Gen | Period | Technology | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1940-56 | Vacuum Tubes | ENIAC, large size, high heat |
| 2nd | 1956-63 | Transistors | Smaller, faster, less heat |
| 3rd | 1964-71 | IC Chips | Keyboards, monitors, high-level languages |
| 4th | 1971-present | Microprocessors | PCs, GUI, Internet, smartphones |
| 5th | present-future | AI | Parallel processing, robotics, quantum computing |
3. Explain computer memory and its types. 8 Marks
📌 Definition: Computer memory stores data and instructions for processing.
📋 Types of Memory:
- Primary Memory: RAM (volatile, fast), ROM (non-volatile, BIOS)
- Cache Memory: High-speed between CPU and RAM (L1, L2, L3)
- Secondary Memory: HDD, SSD, Pen Drive (permanent storage)
- Registers: Fastest memory inside CPU (Accumulator, PC, IR)
- Virtual Memory: Uses hard disk as extra RAM
- Flash Memory: USB drives, memory cards
4. Write short notes on: (a) Hardware (b) ALU (c) Control Unit. 8 Marks
(a) Computer Hardware: Physical, touchable parts — CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, RAM, Hard Disk.
(b) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic (+, -, ×, ÷) and logical (AND, OR, NOT, comparisons) operations.
(c) Control Unit (CU): Directs all operations, fetches/decodes instructions, generates control signals.
(b) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic (+, -, ×, ÷) and logical (AND, OR, NOT, comparisons) operations.
(c) Control Unit (CU): Directs all operations, fetches/decodes instructions, generates control signals.
5. Explain Boot Process and its types. 8 Marks
📌 Definition: Booting is the process of starting a computer and loading the OS into RAM.
📋 Boot Process Steps (7 Steps):
- Power ON → Power supply sends voltage
- POST checks hardware (RAM, keyboard, disk)
- BIOS/UEFI finds bootable device
- Bootloader loads from MBR/GPT
- OS kernel loads into RAM
- OS initializes drivers
- Desktop appears (System Ready)
- Cold Boot: From power OFF, full POST, slower (30-60 sec)
- Warm Boot: Restart without power off (Ctrl+Alt+Del), faster (10-20 sec)
📋 50+ MCQs with Answers
1. CPU stands for?
✔ Answer: A
2. Father of computer is?
✔ Answer: B
3. ALU performs?
✔ Answer: A
4. Which memory is volatile?
✔ Answer: C
5. ROM stands for?
✔ Answer: A
6. ENIAC stands for?
✔ Answer: A
7. One Byte = ______ bits.
✔ Answer: B
8. Which generation used transistors?
✔ Answer: B
9. Fifth generation is based on?
✔ Answer: C
10. POST stands for?
✔ Answer: A
11. Which is secondary memory?
✔ Answer: C
12. Cache memory is placed between?
✔ Answer: A
13. Which is an input device?
✔ Answer: C
14. Which unit controls all parts?
✔ Answer: B
15. Which memory is fastest?
✔ Answer: C
16. Which is an output device?
✔ Answer: C
17. Which memory holds BIOS?
✔ Answer: B
18. Which boot is called restart?
✔ Answer: B
19. PC stands for?
✔ Answer: A
20. A program in execution is called?
✔ Answer: A
21. System software example?
✔ Answer: B
22. 1 GB = ______ MB.
✔ Answer: B
23. CPU speed measured in?
✔ Answer: A
24. Which register stores next instruction address?
✔ Answer: B
25. Non-volatile memory?
✔ Answer: B
26. First electronic computer?
✔ Answer: A
27. Which part performs calculations?
✔ Answer: A
28. Booting ends when?
✔ Answer: B
29. Temporary memory?
✔ Answer: A
30. Microprocessors introduced in?
✔ Answer: C
31. First generation used?
✔ Answer: A
32. Voice input device?
✔ Answer: B
33. Word length means?
✔ Answer: A
34. Software that manages hardware?
✔ Answer: A
35. Which is not output?
✔ Answer: D
36. Fastest but smallest memory?
✔ Answer: A
37. Example of register?
✔ Answer: A
38. POST checks?
✔ Answer: A
39. IC chips used in which generation?
✔ Answer: C
40. Storage device?
✔ Answer: B
41. One nibble = bits?
✔ Answer: B
42. Both input & output device?
✔ Answer: A
43. Which is not hardware?
✔ Answer: B
44. CPU contains?
✔ Answer: A
45. Which boot requires full POST?
✔ Answer: B
46. Secondary storage example?
✔ Answer: C
47. Which register stores current instruction?
✔ Answer: C
48. Which generation is based on AI?
✔ Answer: C
49. Which is an output device for graphics?
✔ Answer: A
50. Which memory is used between CPU and RAM for speed?
✔ Answer: A
51. Which is a type of ROM?
✔ Answer: A
52. Full form of BIOS?
✔ Answer: A
📢 Topper's Strategy: For 8-mark "Block Diagram", draw and label all parts (Input, CPU (ALU+CU), Memory, Output) with 7 working steps. For generations, remember the table (Vacuum tube → Transistor → IC → Microprocessor → AI). For boot process, memorize all 7 steps with POST and BIOS. This fetches full marks!
✅ Final Result: All questions fully written. Includes One Word (14 Qs), Very Short (14 Qs), Short (14 Qs), Long (5 Qs with 8-mark detailed answers), and 52 MCQs.
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Computer notes